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CAENOPHIDIA 2
ADVANCED SNAKES
[page 1 ] [page 3 ]
The medically important fixed front-fanged venomous Elapidae have been allocated a separate page of their own. They are now considered closest to the Lampropeltiidae , with which they share the Elapoidea .
Legend :
Photographic locality. Wherever possible precidence is given to wild specimens from known localitions, wherein the 'photographic locality' relates to the origin of the photographed specimens, rather than the taxon's entire range. The only exceptions are indicated by (captive) or (preserved specimen). These are either specimens photographed in captivity, where the locality given is a general distribution for the taxon, or preserved specimens photographed as biological voucher specimens.
Column D1. Digitized images - the bulk of the library consists of 35mm transparencies (mostly Kodachrome or Velvia) which are gradually being digitized [using Nikon CoolScan 4000 or Plustek OpticFilm 7600i ] and stored on hard disc. 'X' indicates that digitized images are available, '[] ' indicates that the transparencies of this taxon have yet to be digitized.
Column D2. Digital images - since 2005 digital images have also been taken [using Canon EOS 30D, 40D or 7D ]. 'X' indicates that digital images are available in addition to digitized images for this taxon.
ELAPIDAE
COBRAS & THEIR ALLIES
The Elapidae has been variously arranged but the current phylogeny splits it into two subfamilies: the Elapinae of America, Africa and Asia (approximately 155 species) and the Hydrophiinae of Australasia and the Pacific, which includs the marine seasnakes and sea kraits (approximately 192 species). The photo library contains ten genera and 45 species (47 taxa) from the Elapinae and 25 genera with 55 species (57 taxa) from the Hydrophiinae.
Elapinae
American & Afro-Asian elapids
Hydrophiinae
Australasian elapids
ZAIRE BURROWING COBRA
Naja multifasciata duttoni
Central Africa
NEW GUINEA SMALL-EYED SNAKE Micropechis ikaheka
Kaviak, Karkar Is., Madang Prov.,
Papua New Guinea
click on images to enlarge
Elapinae
Cobras, mambas, kraits & coralsnakes
Photographed specimen:
D1.
D2.
Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus
South African coralsnake
S.Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
X
Aspidelaps lubricus infuscatus
Namibian coralsnake
Namibia (captive)
X
Aspidelaps scutatus intermedius
Transvaal shield-nose snake
S.Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
X
Bungarus caeruleus
Common krait
Nepal, Sri Lanka
X
Bungarus candidus
Malayan krait
SE.Asia (captive)
X
Bungarus ceylonicus
Sri Lankan krait
Sri Lanka
X
Bungarus fasciatus
Banded krait
India (Orissa)
X
Dendroaspis angusticeps
Eastern green mamba
S.Africa (Limpopo)
X
Dendroaspis polylepis
Black mamba
S.Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo)
X
Dendroaspis viridis
Western green mamba
W.Africa (captive)
X
Elapsoidea boulengeri
Zambesi garter snake
S.Africa (Limpopo)
X
Elapsoidea guentherii
Günther's garter snake
S.Africa (captive)
X
Hemachatus haemachatus
Rinkhals
S.Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal)
X
Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus
Sonoran coralsnake
USA (Arizona)
X
X
Micrurus alleni
Allen's coralsnake
Costa Rica
X
Micrurus averyi
Black-headed coralsnake
Brazil (Amazonas)
X
Micrurus corallinus
Painted coralsnake
Brazil (Sao Paulo)
X
Micrurus fulvius
Eastern coralsnake
USA (Texas)
X
Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii
Hemprich's coral snake
Brazil (Roraima)
X
Micrurus lemniscatus diutus
Central Amazonian ribbon coralsnake
Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas)
X
Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus
Central American coralsnake
Honduras (Gracios a Dios) (pres. spec.)
X
Micrurus psyches psyches
Daudin's coralsnake
Brazil (Amazonas)
X
Micrurus spixii spixii
Amazonian coralsnake
Brazil (Amazonas)
X
Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis
Aquatic coralsnake
Brazil (Amazonas)
X
Micrurus tener tener
Texas coralsnake
USA (Texas)
X
Naja annulata stormsi
Storm's water cobra
Zambia (preserved specimen)
X
Naja annulifera
Snouted cobra
S.Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
X
Naja arabica
Arabian cobra
UAE (captive)
X
X
Naja atra
Chinese cobra
Asia (captive)
X
Naja haje
Egyptian cobra
N.Africa (captive)
X
Naja kaouthia
Thai monocled cobra
India (Orissa)
X
Naja melanoleuca
Forest cobra
Cameroon (Southwest), Zambia, S.Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
X
Naja mossambica
Moçambique spitting cobra
S.Africa (ZwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo)
X
Naja multifasciata duttoni
Burrowing cobra
Congo (captive)
X
Naja naja
Indian spectacled cobra
Nepal, India (Karnataka, Orissa), Sri Lanka
X
Naja nigricincta nigricincta
Zebra spitting cobra
Namibia
X
X
Naja nigricincta woodi
Southwestern black spitting cobra
S.Africa (W.Cape)
X
X
Naja nigricollis
Black-necked spitting cobra
Africa (captive)
X
Naja nivea
Cape cobra
S.Africa (ZwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo)
X
Naja nubiae
Nubian spitting cobra
N.Africa (captive)
X
Naja oxiana
Trans-Caspian cobra
Asia (captive)
X
Naja pallida
Sudanese red spitting cobra
N.Africa (captive)
X
Naja siamensis
Southern Thailand spitting cobra
SE.Asia (captive)
X
Naja sputatrix
Indonesian spitting cobra
Indonesia (Komodo)
X
Naja sumatrana
Equatorial spitting cobra
SE.Asia (captive)
X
Ophiophagus hannah
King cobra
Malaysia, India (Orissa, Karnataka), Thailand
X
X
Walterinnesia aegyptica
Sinai desert cobra
Middle East (captive)
X
Elapinae: American & Afro-Asian elapids (above)
SOUTH AFRICAN CORALSNAKE Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus
KwaZulu-Natal, S.Africa
SRI LANKAN KRAIT
Bungarus ceylonicus
Kandy, Sri Lanka
CENTRAL AMAZONIAN RIBBON CORALSNAKE
Micrurus lemiscatus diutius
Ilha Maracá, Roraima, Brazil
Hydrophiinae: Australasian elapids (below)
HORNED SEASNAKE
Acalyptophis peronii
Hibernia Reef, Western Australia
SMOOTH-SCALED DEATH ADDER Acanthophis laevis
Karkar Is., Madang Prov.,
Papua New Guinea
EASTERN TIGERSNAKE
Notechis scutatus scutatus
Tasmania
click on images to enlarge
Hydrophiinae (marine)
Seasnakes & sea kraits
Acalyptophis peronii
Horned seasnake
Australia (Qld, WA)
X
Aipysurus apraefrontalis
Short-nosed seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Aipysurus duboisii
Dubois' seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Aipysurus foliosquama
Leaf-scaled seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Aipysurus fuscus
Dusky seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Aipysurus laevis
Olive seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Emydocephalus annulatus
Turtle-headed seasnake
Australia (WA)
X
Enhydrina schistosa
Beaked seasnake
Australia (Qld)
X
Hydrophis elegans
Elegant seasnake
Australia (Qld)
X
Lapemis hardwickii
Hardwick's seasnake
Australia (Qld)
X
Laticauda colubrina
Yellow-lipped sea krait
PNG (Madang), Indonesia (Krakatau), Borneo (Sabah), Timor-Leste (Oecusse)
X
X
Laticauda guineai
Papuan sea krait
PNG (Central)
X
Laticauda laticaudata
Blue-banded sea krait
New Caledonia
X
Laticauda saintgironsi
New Caledonian sea krait
New Caledonia
X
Pelamis platurus
Pelagic seasnake
Sri Lanka (pres. spec.)
[]
Hydrophiinae (terrestrial)
Australasian venomous snakes
Acanthophis antarcticus
Southern death adder
Australia (captive)
X
Acanthophis laevis
Smooth-scaled death adder
PNG (Western, Central, Morobe, Gulf)
X
X
Acanthophis praelongus
Northern death adder
Australia (captive)
X
Acanthophis pyrrhus
Desert death adder
Australia (WA)
X
Acanthophis rugosus
Rough-scaled death adder
Indonesia (West Papua)
X
X
Aspidomorphus muelleri
Müller's crowned snake
PNG (S.Highlands, Oro)
X
X
Aspidomorphus schlegeli
Schlegel's crowned snake
Indonesia (West Papua) (pres. spec.)
X
Austrelaps labialis
Pigmy copperhead
Australia (captive)
X
Austrelaps superbus
Lowland copperhead
Australia (Tasmania)
X
Cryptophis nigrescens
Eastern small-eyed snake
Australia (NSW)
X
Cryptophis nigrostriatus
Black-striped snake
Australia (Qld), PNG (Western) (pres. spec.)
X
Cryptophis pallidiceps
Carpentaria pale-headed snake
Australia (NT) (pres. spec.)
X
Demansia papuensis melaena
Western large black whipsnake
Australia (NT) (pres. spec.)
X
Demansia psammophis psammophis
Eastern yellow-cheeked whipsnake
Australia (NSW)
X
Demansia psammophis cupreiceps
Western yellow-cheeked whipsnake
Australia (WA)
X
Demansia vestigiata
Large black whipsnake
PNG (Central, Western, Milne Bay)
X
X
Drysdalia coronoides
White-lipped snake
Australia (Tasmania)
X
Furina ornata
Moon snake
Australia (WA)
X
Furina tristis
Brown-headed snake
PNG (Central, Western)
X
Hoplocephalus bungaroides
Broad-headed snake
Australia (NSW)
X
Loveridgelaps elapoides
Solomons small-eyed snake
Solomons (pres. spec.)
X
Micropechis ikaheka
New Guinea small-eyed snake
PNG (Madang, Oro)
X
Notechis scutatus scutatus
Eastern tiger snake
Australia (Tasmania)
X
Oxyuranus microlepidotus
Coastal taipan
Australia (captive)
X
X
Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus
Coastal taipan
Australia (captive)
X
Oxyuranus scutellatus canni
Papuan taipan
PNG (Central, Western, Gulf, Milne Bay)
X
X
Parapistocalamus hedigeri
Hediger's coralsnake snake
PNG (N.Solomons) (pres. spec.)
X
Pseudechis australis
King brownsnake
Australia (WA)
X
Pseudechis colletti
Collett's snake
Australia (captive)
X
Pseudechis guttatus
Spotted blacksnake
Australia (captive)
X
Pseudechis papuanus
Papuan blacksnake
PNG (Western, Central)
X
X
Pseudechis porphyriacus
Red-bellied blacksnake
Australia (NSW)
X
Pseudechis rossignolii
Pygmy mulga brownsnake
Indonesia (West Papua)
X
Pseudonaja inframacula
Peninsula brownsnake
Australia (captive)
X
Pseudonaja mengdeni
Gwardar
Australia (WA)
X
Pseudonaja textilis
Eastern brownsnake
PNG (Milne Bay, Oro)
X
X
Suta punctata
Little spotted snake
Australia (WA)
X
Toxicocalamus longissimus
Fergusson Island forest snake
PNG (Milne Bay) (pres. spec.)
X
Toxicocalamus loriae
Loria forest snake
PNG (W.Highlands, S.Highlands, Morobe, Central) (pres. spec.)
X
Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus
Upper Fly forest snake
PNG (Western) (pres. spec.)
X
Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus
Kratke Mountains snake
PNG (E.Highlands) (pres. spec.)
X
Toxicocalamus stanleyanus
Owen Stanley Mountains snake
PNG (Central, S.Highlands) (pres. spec.)
X